Reduced serologic sensitivity to influenza A virus illness among inactivated influenza vaccinees

We compared ≥4-fold increases in antibody titers by hemagglutination inhibition assay to RT-PCR results among 42 adults with PCR-confirmed influenza A virus illnesses. Serologic sensitivity was higher among unvaccinated (69%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 48–90%) than vaccinated healthcare personnel (38%, 95% CI = 29–46%) in a 2010–11 prospective cohort.     

天津市2010-2014年急性冠心病发病者吸烟情况分析

目的 分析天津市急性冠心病事件患者中吸烟的流行特征及趋势分布。 方法 利用天津市主要慢性病发病登记监测系统中的吸烟信息,分析2010-2014年天津市急性冠心病事件的流行情况,并分析患者中吸烟与非吸烟的流行特征及趋势分布。 结果 2010-2014年间,天津市共报告居民急性冠心病事件38 805次,平均粗发病率为77.76/10万,男性(24 343人)多于女性(14 462人),且男性平均发病年龄小于女性,差异有统计学意义(t=54.31,P=0.00)。天津市急性冠心病事件的患者主要为急性心肌梗塞患者,占总发病人数的96.6%。不同性别急性心肌梗塞患者的吸烟率(男:55.0%;女:22.8%)高于冠心病猝死的患者(男:43.4%;女:12.3%),差异有统计学意义(男:χ²=48.96,P=0.00;女:χ²=52.43,P=0.00)。在冠心病猝死和急性心肌梗塞的患者中男性的吸烟率随年龄增加而呈现下降趋势,差异有统计学意义(χ²=46.56,P=0.00)。两种疾病的女性患者的吸烟率分别在>69~79和>59~69岁年龄组达到高峰,随后开始下降,仅在急性心肌梗塞患者中差异有统计学意义(χ²=112.76,P=0.00)。2010-2014年间,男性患者吸烟率整体呈现下降趋势,其中冠心病猝死患者的吸烟率下降的趋势有统计学意义(χ²=29.22,P=0.00),而女性患者吸烟率整体呈现上升趋势(χ²=10.73,P=0.00)。 结论 冠心病急性事件发病例数及发病率逐年增加,是严重危害居民健康的重要疾病。且冠心病急性事件患者的吸烟率较高,特别是60岁以下的人群,这是导致冠心病急性事件发病呈现年轻化的主要原因,因此应及时开展干预措施,降低吸烟率,提高戒烟率,应加大在女性中开展控烟宣传,以减少其吸烟相关疾病的发生。     

Diagnostic accuracy of glycated hemoglobin compared with oral glucose tolerance test for diagnosing diabetes mellitus in Chinese adults: A meta-analysis

Aims

A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic value of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol) for diabetes in Chinese adults.

Methods

Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was selected as the reference standard. PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP were searched to obtain all diagnostic tests with HbA1c ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol) for diabetes in Chinese adults published between January 2003 and October 2013. The qualities of the included studies were assessed by using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool. Meta-DiSc software was used to conduct a comprehensive quantitative assessment, and summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) curves were obtained.

Results

A total of 9 studies with 25,932 subjects were included. Pooled sensitivity was 0.518, pooled specificity 0.956, pooled positive likelihood ratio 19.007 and pooled negative likelihood ratio was 0.477. Pooled diagnostic odds ratio was 40.631. AUC_sROC was 0.929.

Conclusion

Compared with OGTT, using HbA1c ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol) to diagnose diabetes in Chinese adults exhibited high specificity and low sensitivity and would have failed to diagnose 48.7% of newly diagnosed diabetes. The diagnostic HbA1c value could be reduced to improve sensitivity. Long-term prospective studies are required to establish an appropriate HbA1c value as a diagnostic criterion for diabetes in China.     

Pertussis vaccines: The first hundred years

Vaccines against pertussis have been used for more than a hundred years. This review describes the development of whole-cell (wP) and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines, which, as DTP combination vaccines, have significantly reduced morbidity and mortality from pertussis, and which currently serve as the building blocks for a variety of vaccines used to immunize all infants worldwide. Two series of efficacy trials done in the 1950s for wP vaccines and in the 1990s for aP-vaccines have established standards for studying vaccine effectiveness. However, irrespective of their longtime use, critical aspects of pertussis vaccines remain unknown, including the exact mechanisms of protective immunity and a correlate of protection. Research to improve on the effectiveness and the duration of protection is ongoing, but although the vaccines are not perfect, only their continued use with a high coverage will ensure that infants and children are being protected from pertussis.     

Dose-dependent effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccine in infants: A population-based case-control study

BackgroundPertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease which is most severe in young infants. More than two decades after the introduction of acelluar pertussis vaccines (aPV) in national immunization programs in many countries worldwide, a resurgence of pertussis has been recognized. Suboptimal effectiveness of aPV has been blamed as one major reason but only few studies have evaluated dose-dependent vaccine effectiveness (VE) provided by aPV in current practice.MethodsWe performed a population-based retrospective case-control study by comparing pertussis immunization data of children 2.5 months to 2 years of age hospitalized for pertussis and residing in Switzerland with immunization data of a random control sample of children aged 2 years and residing in Switzerland. VE was defined as the percentage of hospitalizations avoided by number of aPV doses. It was calculated as 1-infection rate ratio (IRR)*100. IRR was calculated by dividing infection rates of vaccinated children and infection rates of unvaccinated children. To get dose specific VE, infection rates were stratified by number doses received.ResultsVE against hospitalization due to pertussis increased significantly with each consecutive aPV dose in a “3 + 1” primary course in infants: 42.1% (95% CI: 11.3–62.6), 83.9% (70.2–92.1), 98.2% (96.1–99.3), and 100% (97.9–100) after the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th dose, respectively.ConclusionAcellular pertussis vaccines continue to demonstrate protection against hospitalization due to pertussis in infants and young children. Therefore, together with advancing immunization of pregnant women and household contacts, better control of severe pertussis in young infants can be achieved by timely initiation of immunization.